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Ice Cream, Sorbet, and Sherbet
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Ice Cream History
Ice cream dates back in print to 1744, when Thomas Black of Virginia extolled its virtues after sampling it as a guest of Governor Thomas Bladen of Annapolis, Maryland. Yet it dates back much farther in history.After a visit to the Orient, Marco Polo returned with a recipe for a milk-based frozen concoction which was basically a mixture of milk and snow.
The first advertisement for ice cream in America appeared in the New York Gazette in 1777 by confectioner Philip Lenzi. The invention of ice cream cones is yet another story with various inventors claiming rights to the original idea.
Making ice cream before the advent of electricity was no small feat. It required arduous labor, beating cream in a pewter pot within a larger pot of salt and ice. Many current ice cream machines are based on this timeworn but successful method.
By the 1780's, frozen desserts were so popular that rudimentary ice cream makers were already on the market. It is said that First Lady Dolley Madison truly popularized ice cream by making it a frequent offering at the White House from 1809 to 1817.
When ice production became common, the popularity of ice cream skyrocketed with its availability to the masses.
The home hand-crank machine was invented by Nancy Johnson in 1846 but patented by William G. Young in 1848. An industry was born, moving on from basic ice cream to ice cream on a stick, frozen yogurt, bon-bons, and even tofu ice creams.
The top four most popular flavors of ice cream are: vanilla, chocolate, neapolitan, and nutflavors.
More About Ice Cream and Ice Cream Recipes
• Ice Cream Tips and Hints• Sherbet, Sorbet, and Other Frozen Desserts
• Ice Cream History
• Ice Cream Recipes
Ice Cream, Sorbet, and Sherbet Photo © 2007 Peggy Trowbridge Filippone, licensed to About.com, Inc.
Cookbooks
| • | The Ultimate Ice Cream Book |
| • | Ben & Jerry's Homemade Ice Cream & Dessert Book |
| • | The Best Ice Cream Maker Cookbook Ever |
| • | Williams-Sonoma : Ice Cream |
| • | More Cookbooks |
Related Resources
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A domestic ice cream maker or ice cream freezer is a machine used to make small quantities of ice cream at home. Ice cream makers may stir the mixture by hand-cranking or with an electric motor, and may chill the ice cream by using a freezing mixture, by pre-cooling the machine in a freezer, or by the machine itself refrigerating the mixture.
An ice cream maker must freeze the mixture, and must simultaneously stir or churn it to prevent the formation of ice crystals and aerate it to produce smooth and creamy ice cream. Most ice creams are ready to eat immediately, but some, especially those containing alcohol, must be chilled further in a freezer to attain a sufficiently firm consistency.
Some machines, such as certain low-priced counter-top models, require that the resulting mixture be frozen an extra four hours or more (or overnight), depending on the recipe, in order for the ice cream to harden to a desired consistency.
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History
Around 1832, Augustus Jackson, an African American confectioner, not only created multiple ice cream recipes but also invented a superior technique to manufacture ice cream.
In 1843, Nancy Johnson of Philadelphia was issued the first U.S. patent for a small-scale handcranked ice cream freezer.
Manual machines
These machines usually comprise an outer bowl and a smaller inner bowl with a hand-cranked mechanism which turns a paddle, sometimes called a dasher, to stir the mixture. The outer bowl is filled with a freezing mixture of salt and ice: the addition of salt to the ice causes freezing-point depression; as the salt melts the ice, its heat of fusion allows it to absorb heat from the ice cream mixture, freezing the ice cream.
This type of ice cream maker is inexpensive, but inconvenient and messy as the ice and salt mixture produces a lot of salty water as it melts, which the user must dispose of, and the ice and salt mixture has to be replenished to make a new batch of ice cream.
Some small manual units comprise a bowl with a capacity of about one pint (500ml) whose hollow walls are filled with a coolant. The paddle is often built into a plastic top. The mixture is poured into the frozen bowl and placed in a freezer. The paddles then are turned by hand every ten minutes or so for a few hours until the desired consistency and flavor is reached. Nancy Johnson invented the first hand-cranked model in 1843. She then sold the patent to William Young, who marketed the machine as the Johnson Patent Ice-Cream Freezer.
Electric machines
There are three types of electric ice cream machines. Each has an electric motor which drives either the bowl or the paddle to stir the mixture. The major difference between the three is in how the cooling is performed.
Counter-top machines use a double-walled bowl which contains between the two walls a solution that freezes below the freezing point of water. This is frozen in a domestic freezer for up to 24 hours before the machine is needed. Once frozen, the bowl is put into the machine, the mixture is added and the machine is switched on. The paddles rotate, stirring the mixture as it gradually freezes through contact with the frozen bowl. Twenty to thirty minutes later, the solution between the double walls of the bowl has thawed, and the ice cream has frozen. The advantage of this type of electric machine is low cost, typically under $100. The disadvantage of the pre-frozen bowl approach is that only one batch can be made at a time. To make another batch, the bowl must be frozen again. For this reason, it is usually possible to buy extra bowls for the machine, but of course these take up a lot of freezer space.
Small freezer-unit machines sit inside the freezer (or the freezer part of the refrigerator), and operate similar to a food processor in slow-motion. The paddles turn every few seconds to stir the mixture enough to prevent large ice crystals from forming. When the ice cream has frozen sufficiently, the paddles automatically stop rotating and lift up. As the mixture is cooled simply through being in the freezer, it takes longer to freeze than other types of ice cream makers, which work by placing the ice cream bowl in direct contact with the cooling element. A disadvantage is that the freezer door has to be closed over the flat cord, which is plugged into the nearest power point outside, though some modern refrigerators have a built-in ice-cream maker as an accessory or a specialized electrical plug for use with certain freezer-unit machines. The advantage of this type of ice cream maker is that no pre-freezing of the appliance is necessary. However, some people feel that this type of machine produces a lower-quality ice cream because of its slow-motion method. It's also possible to get cordless, battery-operated ice-cream makers which can be placed directly in the freezer, though these tend to require expensive non-rechargeable potassium batteries (most rechargeable batteries or regular alkaline cells perform very poorly at low temperature).
More expensive, and much larger, machines have a freezing mechanism built in and do not require a bowl to be pre-chilled. The cooling system is switched on, and in a few minutes the mixture can be poured in and the paddle switched on. As with coolant-bowl machines, ice cream is ready in twenty to thirty minutes, depending on the quantity made. These machines can be used immediately with no preparation, and any number of batches of ice cream can be made without a delay between batches. Some of these machines cannot be moved without waiting twelve hours before use, as moving the unit upsets the coolant in its freezing system; they would normally be kept permanently positioned ready for use, impractical in a smaller kitchen.
Vending machines
One company has developed a vending machine that makes individual servings of ice cream from non-frozen ingredients.
References
Further reading
- Hoffmann, Mable; Gar Hoffmann (2004). The Ice Cream and Frozen Yogurt Cookbook. Running Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-7624-1829-X.
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
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